Economics & Finance

Ancient Mesopotamian system where temples served as economic centers managing agriculture, labor, and redistribution

Medieval commercial confederation that dominated Baltic and North Sea trade for centuries

Renaissance banking dynasty that pioneered international finance and funded the Italian Renaissance

Legal entity enabling collective ownership, limited liability, transferable shares, and perpetual existence

Trading company that became a colonial power, ruling much of India and shaping global commerce for over two centuries

First multinational corporation and publicly traded company, pioneering modern capitalism

World's first official stock exchange, creating the template for modern securities markets

Institutional form for managing national monetary policy, currency issuance, and financial stability

World's oldest and leading insurance marketplace, pioneering risk assessment and underwriting practices

The world's most influential central bank model, shaping modern monetary systems

United States central bank controlling monetary policy and serving as lender of last resort

International development institution providing loans and grants to reduce poverty in developing countries

Global institution promoting international monetary cooperation and financial stability

International body governing global trade rules and resolving disputes between trading nations