Islamic Civilization

The succession of Islamic empires from Muhammad's death through the Abbasid golden age

One of the world's oldest operating universities, preeminent center of Islamic learning

Persian empire that established Twelver Shi'ism as Iran's state religion, creating a distinct Iranian-Islamic identity

Six-century Islamic empire bridging Europe and Asia, ruling from Vienna to Yemen

Islamic empire ruling most of the Indian subcontinent, creating a synthesis of Persian, Central Asian, and Indian cultures